Mango (Mangifera indica) has many nutritional attributes that stimulate its consumption, such as sweetness, balanced acidity and intense fruity aroma. In this study, it was demonstrated that both the variety and ripening stage have a significant impact on the aroma of mango. The volatile compound profile of “Tommy Atkins”, “palmer”, “espada” and “Carlota” varieties in green and ripe stages were characterized by headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography mass spectrometry (HS-SPME/GC-MS). Thirty-three volatile compounds were identified, 30 from “Tommy Atkins”, 29 from “espada”, 25 from “palmer” and 10 from the “Carlota” variety. The major compounds were monoterpene and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, regardless of the degree of maturity. However, the oxygenated monoterpenes, esters and lactones were also identified as minor compounds. δ-3-Carene terpene is the most abundant in the varieties “Tommy Atkins” and “palmer”, α-terpinolene is the most abundant in the cv. “espada”, and myrcene in cv. “Carlota”. The profile’s aroma obtained by HS-SPME/GC-MS associated with multivariate data analysis lead to discrimination of four mango varieties in green and ripeness stages. Therefore, the volatile compounds markers of fruit maturation identified in this study can be used to increase the efficiency of mango sorting to improve quality control and meet the consumer market requirements.

O agente causal da clorose variegada dos citros, Xylella fastidiosa, é transmitido por cigarrinhas da subfamília Cicadellinae, cujas espécies variam regionalmente. O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar potenciais vetores do patógeno em pomares cítricos do Litoral Norte da Bahia. Os levantamentos foram conduzidos de mar/2002 a fev/2003, em três propriedades no município de Rio Real, em pomares de laranjeira doce (Citrus sinensis) variedade Pêra, com sete a nove anos. Em cada pomar, 15 cartões adesivos amarelos foram dispostos a 40 m entre si, instalados a 1,5 m de altura em ramos da face norte, na periferia da copa, sendo substituídos quinzenalmente. Também foram realizadas amostragens com rede de varredura na vegetação rasteira dos pomares, em cinco pontos escolhidos aleatoriamente, efetuando-se 30 redadas por ponto. No total, foram coletados 1360 espécimes pertencentes a 49 espécies de Auchenorrhyncha, a maioria da família Cicadellidae (90,2%). A subfamília Cicadellinae, que inclui os vetores de X. fastidiosa, apresentou maior número de espécies (14) e de indivíduos coletados (84,8%). Entre as espécies de Cicadellinae, Acrogonia flagellata Young, A citrina Marucci & Cavichioli, Homalodisca spottii Takiya, Cavichioli & McKamey e uma espécie não-identificada de Cicadellini (espécie 1) foram dominantes na copa das plantas cítricas, enquanto que Hortensia similis (Walker) e Erythrogonia dubia (Medler) foram dominantes na vegetação rasteira. Entre os cicadelíneos já conhecidos como vetores de X. fastidiosa em citros, apenas A. citrina, Bucephalogonia xanthophis (Berg) e Ferrariana trivittata (Signoret) foram observados, sendo que as duas últimas espécies tiveram ocorrência acidental na vegetação rasteira.

The causal agent of citrus variegated clorosis, Xylella fastidiosa, is transmitted by leafhoppers of the subfamily Cicadellinae, whose species vary regionally. The goal of this study was to identify potential vectors of this pathogen in citrus groves of Bahia North Coast, Brazil. The survey was done from March/2002 to February/2003 in three seven- to nine-year-old sweet orange (Citrus sinensis, Pêra variety) groves located in Rio Real, BA. Fifteen yellow sticky cards (8.5x11.5 cm) were installed 40 m apart in each grove, hanged at 1.5 m high on the upper north side of citrus canopies, and replaced fortnightly. A sweep net was periodically used to sample leafhoppers on herbaceous weeds inside the groves, by selecting five points at random and performing 30 sweeps in each point. A total of 1,360 specimens of 49 Auchenorrhyncha species were collected in this study, mostly in the family Cicadellidae (90.2%). The subfamily Cicadellinae, which includes the sharpshooter vectors of X. fastidiosa, showed the largest number of species (14) and specimens (84.8%). Acrogonia flagellata Young, A. citrina Marucci & Cavichioli, Homalodisca spottii Takiya, Cavichioli & McKamey and an unidentified Cicadellini (species 1) were the dominant species trapped on citrus canopies, while Hortensia similis (Walker) and Erythrogonia dubia (Medler) were dominant in the weedy vegetation. Among the Cicadellinae species already known as vectors of X. fastidiosa in citrus, only A. citrina, Bucephalogonia xanthophis (Berg) e Ferrariana trivittata (Signoret) were found. The two latter species were accidentally trapped by sweep net in the weedy vegetation.

Since 1988, the medfly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) was described infesting papaya (Carica papaya) cv. Sunrise Solo in North of the State of Espírito Santo, Brazil. Two experiments were carried out to determine the infestation of C. capitata and Anastrepha obliqua (Macq.) in papaya fruit, healthy and infected by sticky disease. In the 1st experiment (forced infestation), no infestation of C. capitata in the healthy fruits was observed, and 60.6 pupae/fruit were obtained in the infected fruit. For A. obliqua, the infestation index was 10.3 and 72.4 pupae/fruit for healthy and infected fruit respectively. In the 2nd experiment (inoculated eggs), the infestation index for C. capitata was 4.0 and 6.3 pupae/fruit and for A. obliqua 10.1 and 10.4 pupae/fruit, for healthy and infected fruit respectively. The high suscetibility of green fruit of papaya infected by sticky disease for C. capitata and A. obliqua was discussed

Mangas das cultivares `Keitt', `Tommy Atkins' e `Haden', infestadas por larvas de mosca do mediterrâneo, Ceratitis capitata (Wied.), foram submetidas ao tratamento hidrotérmico a 46,1ºC. Os frutos foram divididos em duas faixas de peso, de 450 a 650g e de 651 a 800g, tratados por um período de 75 e 90 minutos, respectivamente. Do total dos frutos infestados e imersos em água quente, 75% foram avaliados visando quantificar o total de larvas mortas, os 25% restantes foram mantidos como controle. Nos frutos infestados por larvas de 1º e 2º estádio, a mortalidade foi de 100%. Nos testes com larvas de 3º estádio houve sobrevivência de quatro e três adultos em frutos com pesos acima de 540g e de 730 g nos tempos de imersão de 75 e 90 minutos, respectivamente.

Mango fruits of `Keitt', `Tommy Atkins' and `Haden' cultivars, infected with larvae of the Mediterranean fly Ceratitis capitata (Wied.), were submitted to hydrothermal treatment at 46.1ºC. The fruits were classified in two weight ranks, 450g to 650g and 651g to 800g, kept in the water for 75 and 90 minutes, respectively. The number of dead larvae was obtained from 75% of the infested fruits. The 25% remaining fruits were kept as control. Larval mortality was observed to be 100% in the fruits infested with first and second instar larvae. Four and three adults survived in the fruits which were infested with larvae of the third stadium, and weighted above 540g and 730g, in the immersion periods of 75 and 90 minutes, respectively.

Foram encontradas espécies de himenópteros parasitando larvas de moscas-das-frutas no município de Conceição do Almeida, no Recôncavo Baiano, nas seguintes proporções: o Eucoilidae Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes) (12,2%), os braconídeos Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) (81,4%), Utetes (Bracanastrepha) anastrephae (Viereck) (0,7%) e Opius spp. (0,7%) além da espécie introduzida Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (5,0%). Foram feitas amostragens de setembro de 1995 a setembro de 1996, em frutos de goiaba (Psidium guajava L.), pitanga (Eugenia uniflora L.), carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) e manga (Mangifera indica L.), caídos sob a copa das árvores. As pupas viáveis obtidas apresentaram parasitismo final de 7,4%, 43,9%, 10,2% e 19,0%, respectivamente. O parasitóide D. areolatus esteve presente em maior quantidade em todas as espécies de frutos, exceto em goiaba. D. longicaudata também foi detectado em todos os frutos coletados. Pitanga foi a fruteira de onde emergiu maior número de parasitóides (1.512 em 4.239 frutos coletados). A. pelleranoi foi o parasitóide predominante em goiaba.

The indigenous species of hymenoptera Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes) (Eucoilidae) (12.2%), and the braconidae Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti) (81.4%), Utetes (Bracanastrepha) anastrephae (Viereck) (0.7%) and Opius spp. (0.7%), plus the foreing specie Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Ashmead) (5.0%), were identified parasiting fruit fly larvae in Conceição do Almeida, BA. Fruit samples were examined from September 1995 to September 1996 in fallen ripe fruits of guava (Psidium guajava L.), surinam cherry (Eugenia uniflora L.), carambola (Averrhoa carambola L.) and mangoes (Mangifera indica L.). The final parasitism of viable pupae was 7.4%, 43.9%, 10.2% and 19.0% respectively. D. areolatus was detected in higher number in all fruits, except in guava. D. longicaudata was also sampled in all fruits. Surinam cherry was the fruit from which emerged the highest number of parasitoids (1.512 from 4.239 collected fruits). A. pelleranoi was the predominant parasitoid in guava.

The biology of Anastrepha obliqua Macquart in mango Mangifera indica cv. Carlota, was investigated in the laboratory. Data showed that females layed, in average, 137 eggs. Maximum oviposition period lasted from 15-25 days. The average incubation period ranged from 54-72 h. Males and females had an average longevity of 100 and 105 days, respectively.